Marine Water Change Questions?

Ok so Im reading up on that ^ and I have a few questions

Specific Gravity such as 1.020 it seems really touch the .020 is it as complicated as it looks?
How do you change the waters general hardness? ( I have been keeping tropical fish but haven't had the need to tamper)
Can you just pour the water in after it has aged with the salt for 2-3 days?
How do I increase/decrease the buffering capacity?
Calcium levels work against Alkalinity levels so how do you work with that?

PLEASE answer all questions.

THANK YOU!

Ting and Tang, you are 100% correct with your specific gravity (SG) scale. A fish only tank will do fine between 1.018-1.025. If you have a reef tank, you should really aim to keep your specific gravity between 1.024-1.0265. Natural seawater is very close to 1.0265

When you mix your freshwater with salt to make your saltwater mix, always add the salt to the preheated freshwater. Don't add the water to the salt. Each brand of salt mix will require a different amount of salt to attain the SG you desire. Read the bucket (or bag) and start there. Keep in mind that the manufacturer will state in the mixing directions that the mixture they are 'prescribing' will yield a SG of approx. 1.023. Start from there and add your salt accordingly. I HIGHLY recommend using a refractometer as opposed to a swing arm hydrometer. A refractometer will not only be more accurate, but the scale is so much easier to read. I've linked a refractometer below for you to check out. This piece of equipment is critical to the success of your system, spend the extra money to make it as easy and helpful as possible.

When you make your saltwater mix from the directions on the packaging, your alkalinity, calcium and magnesium should be very close to in balance. Make sure you use reliable and NOT expired test kits. One of the more well respected kits in the hobby (that won't break the bank) is Salifert (linked below). If you need to adjust the calcium, alkalinity or magnesium, try using ESV B-Ionic (again, linked below) to dose these elements. This brand of additives is great for its ionic balance.

Let your mixed saltwater sit with a powerhead and heater in it to aerate it for 24 hrs before adding it to your system. Try not to do more than 20%-30% water changes at any one time. That's all that should be necessary.

Hopefully this helps. If not, please feel free to reach out to me and I'll help any way I can.

Best of luck,
swimmer

For More Information on Hardness Increase Calcium Follow The Links Below-

Hardness Increase Calcium Article

Fracture-Proof Your Bones. The Most Important Nutrient isn't Calcium

More than 10 million Americans have the bone-weakening disease osteoporosis -- approximately 15% of women and 4% of men over the age of 50. Another 34 million or so have osteopenia -- bone density that is below normal and may lead to osteoporosis. And every year, two million people with osteoporosis have a so-called "osteoporotic fracture," usually of the hip, spine or wrist.

New finding: Experts know that an osteoporotic hip fracture is disastrous -- 12% to 40% of victims die within six months (partly because they tend to become depressed and more sedentary). But when Australian researchers studied more than 4,000 people age 60 and older for 18 years, they found that almost any kind of osteoporotic fracture increased the risk for death. Focusing on people over age 75, they found that breaking a wrist increased mortality risk by 40% in women and 80% in men... a spinal fracture doubled mortality risk in both sexes... and a hip fracture more than doubled mortality risk in women and tripled it in men.

Another recent finding: Bone mineral density (BMD) does not accurately reflect fracture risk. A dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) test measures the BMD in your hip, spine and wrist. A score of –1 to –2.5 indicates osteopenia... a score under –2.5 signals osteoporosis. But in one study, 82% of women who reported fractures of the wrist, forearm, hip, rib or spine in the year after a BMD test did not have scores indicating osteoporosis (scores of –2.5 or lower).

Overall, BMD predicts only 44% of fractures in elderly women and 21% of fractures in elderly men.

New thinking: The BMD test indicates the hardness of bone, imparted by the minerals calcium and magnesium. But flexibility is what helps bones resist fracture -- the bone’s ability to bend a bit and not break.

Flexibility is created by the bone’s collagen, the protein-rich infrastructure. To build bone collagen, you need vitamin K.

The Secret Bone-Saver

Vitamin K (phylloquinone) is a fat-soluble nutrient (like vitamins A and D) found abundantly in leafy green vegetables. Vitamin K helps the liver manufacture proteins that control blood clotting. Vitamin K-2 (menaquinone) is formed in the body from vitamin K. Vitamin K-2 has many functions, including building collagen in bone -- and preventing fractures.

New finding: Scientists at Harvard Medical School analyzed 10 years of health data on vitamin K intake and bone health in more than 70,000 women in the Nurses’ Health Study. Those with the highest intake of vitamin K had a 30% lower risk for hip fracture, compared with women who had the lowest intake. They also found that women who ate the most lettuce -- the biggest source of vitamin K in most diets -- had a 45% lower risk for hip fracture than those who ate the least.

What to do: The government’s recommendation for daily vitamin K ­intake is 90 micrograms (mcg) to 120 mcg. How do you maximize your intake? Eat your vegetables!

Top vegetables include kale (1,062 mcg per cup), spinach (889 mcg), turnip greens (851 mcg), collard greens (836 mcg), Swiss chard (299 mcg), broccoli (220 mcg), brussels sprouts (219 mcg), butterhead lettuce (167 mcg), cabbage (163 mcg) and asparagus (144 mcg). Among vegetable oils, soybean oil (3.4 mcg per tablespoon) and olive oil (8.1 mcg) score highest.

Don’t worry about cooking -- it doesn’t destroy the vitamin.

If you want the greatest peace of mind about getting sufficient vitamin K to prevent bone fractures, you may want to take a daily supplement of the nutrient.

The Power of MK4

Doctors from England analyzed the data from 13 studies on osteoporosis and a form of vitamin K called MK4. They found vitamin MK4 decreased hip fractures by 73%, spinal fractures by 60% and nonspinal fractures by 81%. Compare those results to the average 19% decrease in fracture risk from taking supplements of calcium and vitamin D (which aids in the absorption of calcium).

To help my patients, I developed a supplement that contains the same amount and type of the nutrient (45 mg of MK4) used in the clinical trials. The supplement, called Osteo-K, also contains calcium, vitamin D, magnesium and boron (available at www.bonehealthproduct.com. Osteo-K is available to Bottom Line/Personal readers at a special discount. Use promotional code BLP.)

If you’re taking corticosteroids: Medications called corticosteroids (cortisone, prednisone, hydrocortisone) are powerful anti-inflammatory agents. They are synthetic versions of cortisol, an adrenal hormone. They often are prescribed to help control the symptoms of chronic diseases with an inflammatory component, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, lupus and severe asthma. Taken regularly for six months or more, corticosteroids can cause osteoporosis. Additionally, taking these medicines for more than six months increases the risk for vertebral fracture by up to 200%. Clinical trials have shown that taking 45 mg daily of MK4 decreases bone loss and fractures caused by corticosteroids.

Caution: If you are taking the anticoagulant warfarin (Coumadin), talk to your doctor before taking any type of supplemental vitamin K, which can block the action of the drug.

Do Drugs Work?

You might think that a vitamin K supplement would be a lightweight compared to the widely prescribed bisphosphonate drugs, such as alendronate (Fosamax), risedronate (Actonel) and zoledronic acid (Zometa).

But drugs are less effective at decreasing fracture risk than vitamin K. Example: Fosamax decreases vertebral fracture risk by 47%, compared with a reduction of up to 60% for vitamin K.

And the latest research shows that these bone-building drugs can hurt your health...

Esophageal cancer. In December 2008, the FDA said Fosamax and other bisphosphonates might increase the risk for esophageal cancer -- and that no one with Barrett’s esophagus (an esophageal problem common among people with heartburn) should take these drugs.

Heart problems. People taking bisphosphonates are twice as likely to experience life-threatening heart irregularities called arrhythmias.

Increased fracture risk. New evidence shows that people who take bisphosphonates for several years may have an increased risk for sudden fractures during normal activity, such as standing or walking. Bisphosphonates improve bone quantity, not bone quality -- and may affect bone growth in such a way as to eventually create weaker bones.

Osteonecrosis of the jaw. In this disease -- also called "dead jaw" -- sections of the tissue of the jawbone die after a major dental procedure, such as a tooth implant or extraction. People taking a bisphosphonate have a 4% risk for this side effect after a dental procedure -- and top dental experts are warning that anyone about to have such a procedure should stop taking the drug at least one month before the procedure.

Bottom line: Talk to your doctor about whether a bisphosphonate is right for you. You could take another type of bone-building medication, such as parathyroid hormone, which decreases fracture risk by 65%. Or you could add vitamin K to your regimen.

John Neustadt, ND, medical director of Montana Integrative Medicine and the co-founder, with Steve Pieczenik, MD, PhD, of Nutritional Biochemistry, Incorporated (NBI) and NBI Testing and Consulting Corp (NBITC). The doctors created Osteo-K, a calcium supplement formulated by physicians from Harvard, Cornell, MIT and Bastyr that contains nutrients shown to decrease osteoporotic fractures by more than 80 percent. For more information on osteoporosis supplements, bone health and decreasing your risk for osteoporosis and fractures, visit www.bonehealthproduct.com.

About the Author

John Neustadt, ND, medical director of Montana Integrative Medicine and the co-founder, with Steve Pieczenik, MD, PhD, of Nutritional Biochemistry, Incorporated (NBI) and NBI Testing and Consulting Corp (NBITC). The doctors created Osteo-K, a calcium supplement formulated by physicians from Harvard, Cornell, MIT and Bastyr that contains nutrients shown to decrease osteoporotic fractures by more than 80 percent. For more information onosteoporosis supplements, bone health and decreasing your risk for osteoporosis and fractures, visit www.bonehealthproduct.com.

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